I don't know if there is a circuit breaker in the switch or not but I know the switches die when they get old and from the current flowing through it, which is why so many people put the lights on relays. They do not usually die too quickly, either, they usually do like yours where the lights are intermittently out until it finally dies. The problem is they can go out at any time like you experienced which could really cause you legal trouble or safety trouble if you're out and need to get home.
The headlight current, even both high beams, all flows through the headlight switch and then to the dimmer switch where the power is given to the low beam or the high beam depending on driver selection.
I'd probably throw a new headlight switch at it (mopar are available) and put the lights on relays. They usually brighten up significantly after that too, because of the much better new wiring path. Running through the switch really diminishes the electrical flow.